For Questions 13-18, please read the following passage from Act III of Shakespeare's The Tragedy of Macbeth. Choose the best responses to the prompts next to each passage. There is one and only one correct answer to each prompt.

Act III Scene i Lines 29-71

MACBETH

We hear our bloody cousins are bestowed

³⁰  In England and in Ireland, not confessing

Their cruel parricide, filling their hearers

With strange invention. But of that tomorrow,

When therewithal we shall have cause of state

Craving us jointly. Hie you to horse. Adieu,

³⁵ Till you return at night. Goes Fleance with you?

BANQUO

Ay, my good lord. Our time does call upon 's.

MACBETH

I wish your horses swift and sure of foot,

And so I do commend you to their backs. Farewell.

Exit BANQUO

⁴⁰  Let every man be master of his time

Till seven at night.  To make society

The sweeter welcome, we will keep ourself

Till suppertime alone.  While then, God be with you.

Exeunt all but MACBETH, and a servant

Sirrah, a word with you.  Attend those men

⁴⁵  Our pleasure?

SERVANT

They are, my lord, without the palace gate.

MACBETH

Bring them before us.

Exit Servant

                                                To be thus is nothing,

But to be safely thus. Our fears in Banquo

Stick deep, and in his royalty of nature

⁵⁰  Reigns that which would be feared. 'Tis much he dares,

And to that dauntless temper of his mind

He hath a wisdom that doth guide his valor

To act in safety. There is none but he

Whose being I do fear: and under him,

⁵⁵  My genius is rebuked; as it is said,

Mark Antony's was by Caesar. He chid the sisters

When first they put the name of king upon me,

And bade them speak to him.  Then prophet-like

They hailed him father to a line of kings.

⁶⁰  Upon my head they placed a fruitless crown

And put a barren scepter in my grip,

Thence to be wrenched with an unlineal hand,

No son of mine succeeding. If 't be so,

For Banquo's issue have I filed my mind;

⁶⁵  For them the gracious Duncan have I murdered,

Put rancors in the vessel of my peace

Only for them, and mine eternal jewel

Given to the common enemy of man,

To make them kings, the seeds of Banquo kings.

⁷⁰  Rather than so, come fate into the list,

And champion me to the utterance!

For Questions 19-24, please read the following passage from Act III of Shakespeare's The Tragedy of Macbeth. Choose the best responses to the prompts next to each passage. There is one and only one correct answer to each prompt.

Act III Scene iv Lines 99-140

MACBETH [to the ghost]

What man dare, I dare.

¹⁰⁰ Approach thou like the rugged Russian bear,

The armed rhinoceros, or the Hyrcan tiger;

Take any shape but that, and my firm nerves

Shall never tremble: or be alive again,

And dare me to the desert with thy sword;

¹⁰⁵ If trembling I inhabit then, protest me

The baby of a girl. Hence, horrible shadow!

Unreal mockery, hence!

GHOST OF BANQUO vanishes

                                                Why, so: being gone,

I am a man again.---Pray you, sit still.

LADY MACBETH

You have displaced the mirth, broke the good meeting

¹¹⁰ With most admired disorder.

MACBETH

                                                Can such things be,

111 And overcome us like a summer's cloud,

112 Without our special wonder? You make me strange

113 Even to the disposition that I owe,

114 When now I think you can behold such sights,

¹¹⁵ And keep the natural ruby of your cheeks,

When mine is blanched with fear.

ROSS

                                                  What sights, my lord?

LADY MACBETH

I pray you speak not.  He grows worse and worse.

Question enrages him. At once, good night.

Stand not upon the order of your going,

¹²⁰ But go at once.

LENNOX

                                    Good night; and better health

121 Attend his majesty!

LADY MACBETH

                                    A kind good night to all!

Exeunt all but MACBETH and LADY MACBETH

MACBETH

122 It will have blood; they say, blood will have blood:

Stones have been known to move and trees to speak;

Augurs and understood relations have

¹²⁵  By magot-pies and choughs and rooks brought forth

The secret'st man of blood. What is the night?

LADY MACBETH

Almost at odds with morning, which is which.

MACBETH

How say'st thou, that Macduff denies his person

At our great bidding?

LADY MACBETH

                                    Did you send to him, sir?

MACBETH

¹³⁰  I hear it by the way; but I will send:

There's not a one of them but in his house

I keep a servant fee'd. I will tomorrow,

And betimes I will, to the weird sisters:

More shall they speak; for now I am bent to know,

¹³⁵ By the worst means, the worst. For mine own good,

All causes shall give way: I am in blood

Stepped in so far that, should I wade no more,

Returning were as tedious as go o'er:

Strange things I have in head, that will to hand;.

¹⁴⁰ Which must be acted ere they may be scanned.

Read the following text from the article "Jurors & Juries" to answer Question 27.

Jurors & Juries
by Collomia Charles

...

Athenian courts had no judges or lawyers, only an organizing official known as the hegemon. The prosecutor and the defendant each spoke for himself. Within a specific amount of time that was marked by a water clock (the hole at the bottom allowed the water to escape slowly or to be stopped from flowing if there was a pause in the proceedings), each had to make a persuasive argument, read aloud the laws that were important in his case, and call the witnesses who supported his argument.

Public Speaking Becomes All-Important

In this type of court system, the ability to speak well in public became extremely important. So, there soon arose a group of professional educators, known as sophists, who claimed that they could teach students to argue either side of any case. They also said that they could train students to think and act in a way that would give them an advantage if they ever had to appear in court. Soon, an entirely new profession was launched—that of logographos, or speech writer. If anyone did not feel confident enough to create his own persuasive speech, he could now hire someone to write it for him.

Read the following text from the excerpt from Judgment at Nuremberg to answer Questions 28-29.

Excerpt from Judgment at Nuremberg
by Abby Mann

The following is an excerpt from Judgment at Nuremberg. The play is set at the end of World War II as the international community becomes aware of the crimes committed by the Nazis during the war. In 1948, a series of trials are held in Nuremberg, Germany, with the intent of bringing to justice those guilty of crimes against humanity.

JUDGE HAYWOOD: The trial conducted before this Tribunal began over eight months ago. Simple murders and atrocities do not constitute the gravamen[1] of the charges in this indictment. Rather, the charge is that of conscious participation in a nation-wide government-organized system of cruelty and injustice in violation of legal and moral principle common to all civilized nations. [Pause.]

The Tribunal has carefully reviewed the record and found therein abundant competent evidence to support, beyond a reasonable doubt, the charges brought against these defendants. Herr Rolfe, in his skillful defense has asserted that there are others who must share the ultimate responsibility for what happened here in Germany. There is truth in this. [Pause.]

This Tribunal does not believe that the United States or any other country has been blameless of the conditions which made the German people vulnerable to the blandishments[2] and temptations of the rise of Nazism. But this Tribunal does say that the men in the dock are responsible for their acts. The principle of criminal law of every civilized society has this in common. Any person who sways another to commit murder, any person who furnishes the lethal weapon for the purpose of this crime, any person who is an accessory to this crime is guilty. [Pause.]

Herr Rolfe further asserts that the Defendant Janning was an extraordinary jurist and acted in what he thought to be the best interests of this country. There is truth in this also. Janning, to be sure, is a tragic figure. We believe he loathed the evil he did. But compassion for the present torture of his soul must not beget forgetfulness of the torture and the death of millions by the government of which he was a part. Janning's record and his fate illuminate the most shattering truth that has emerged from this trial. If he and all of the other defendants had been degraded perverts—if all of the leaders of the Third Reich were sadistic monsters and maniacs—then these events would have no more moral significance than an earthquake, or other natural catastrophes. But this trial has shown that under the stress of a national crisis, ordinary men—even able and extraordinary—men can delude themselves into the commission of crimes and atrocities so vast and heinous as to stagger the imagination. No one who has sat through this trial can ever forget. The sterilization of men because of their political beliefs . . . The murder of children . . . How easily that can happen. There are those in our own country today, too, who speak of the protection of country. Of survival. The answer to that is: survival as what? A country isn't a rock. And it's not an extension of one's self. It's what it stands for, when standing for something is the most difficult. Before the people of the world—let it now be noted in our decision here that this is what we stand for: justice, truth . . . and the value of a single human being.

[1] significant part of a grievance

[2] something that tends to coax or cajole